Vipers

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Hd Riot Riot. Dvd Rip El rey de la comedia El rey de la comedia. HD Article 15 Article A dry bite allows the snake to conserve its precious reserve of venom, because once it has been depleted, it takes time to replenish, leaving the snake vulnerable.
In addition to being able to deliver dry bites, vipers can inject larger quantities of venom into larger prey targets, and smaller amounts into small prey.
This causes the ideal amount of predigestion for the lowest amount of venom. Almost all vipers have keeled scales , a stocky build with a short tail, and due to the location of the venom glands, a triangle-shaped head distinct from the neck.
The great majority have vertically elliptical, or slit-shaped, pupils that can open wide to cover most of the eye or close almost completely, which helps them to see in a wide range of light levels.
Typically, vipers are nocturnal and ambush their prey. Compared to many other snakes, vipers often appear rather sluggish.
Most are ovoviviparous , holding eggs inside their bodies, where they hatch inside and emerge living. However, a few lay eggs in nests. Typically, the number of young in a clutch remains constant, but as the weight of the mother increases, larger eggs are produced, yielding larger young.
In the Old World , viperids are located everywhere except Siberia , Ireland , and the continent of Australia. The adder , a viperid, is the only venomous snake found in Great Britain , and is also found north of the Arctic Circle in Norway and Sweden.
Viperid venoms typically contain an abundance of protein -degrading enzymes, called proteases , that produce symptoms such as pain, strong local swelling and necrosis , blood loss from cardiovascular damage complicated by coagulopathy , and disruption of the blood-clotting system.
Also being vasculotoxic in nature, viperine venom causes vascular endothelial damage and hemolysis. Death is usually caused by collapse in blood pressure.
This is in contrast to elapid venoms that generally contain neurotoxins that disable muscle contraction and cause paralysis. Death from elapid bites usually results from asphyxiation because the diaphragm can no longer contract.
However, this rule does not always apply; some elapid bites include proteolytic symptoms typical of viperid bites, while some viperid bites produce neurotoxic symptoms.
Proteolytic venom is also dual-purpose: first, it is used for defense and to immobilize prey, as with neurotoxic venoms; secondly, many of the venom's enzymes have a digestive function, breaking down molecules in prey items, such as lipids , nucleic acids , and proteins.
Due to the nature of proteolytic venom, a viperid bite is often a very painful experience and should always be taken seriously, though it may not necessarily prove fatal.
Even with prompt and proper treatment, a bite can still result in a permanent scar, and in the worst cases, the affected limb may even have to be amputated.
A victim's fate is impossible to predict, as this depends on many factors, including the species and size of the snake involved, how much venom was injected if any , and the size and condition of the patient before being bitten.
These snakes can decide how much venom to inject depending on the circumstances. The most important determinant of venom expenditure is generally the size of the snake; larger specimens can deliver much more venom.
The species is also important, since some are likely to inject more venom than others, may have more venom available, strike more accurately, or deliver a number of bites in a short time.
In predatory bites, factors that influence the amount of venom injected include the size of the prey, the species of prey, and whether the prey item is held or released.
The need to label prey for chemosensory relocation after a bite and release may also play a role. In defensive bites, the amount of venom injected may be determined by the size or species of the predator or antagonist , as well as the assessed level of threat, although larger assailants and higher threat levels may not necessarily lead to larger amounts of venom being injected.
Hemotoxic venom takes more time than neurotoxic venom to immobilize prey, so viperid snakes need to track down prey animals after they have been bitten, [7] in a process known as "prey relocalization".
Vipers are able to do this via certain proteins contained in their venom. This important adaptation allowed rattlesnakes to evolve the strike-and-release bite mechanism, which provided a huge benefit to snakes by minimizing contact with potentially dangerous prey animals.
Western diamondback rattlesnakes Crotalus atrox respond more actively to mouse carcasses that have been injected with crude rattlesnake venom.
When the various components of the venom were separated out, the snakes responded to mice injected with two kinds of disintegrins. These disintegrin proteins are responsible for allowing the snakes to track down their prey.
Pit vipers have specialized sensory organs near the nostrils called heat sensing pits. These pits have the ability to detect thermal radiation emitted by warm-blooded animals, helping them better understand their environment.
Whether family Viperidae is attributed to Oppel , as opposed to Laurenti or Gray , is subject to some interpretation. However, the consensus among leading experts is that Laurenti used viperae as the plural of vipera Latin for "viper", "adder", or "snake" and did not intend for it to indicate a family group taxon.
Rather, it is attributed to Oppel, based on his Viperini as a distinct family group name, despite the fact that Gray was the first to use the form Viperinae.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Viper disambiguation. Herpetologists' League.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 10 August
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